Ukraine says Russia has cut off all gas supplies to Kiev, in a major escalation of a dispute between the two nations.
"Gas supplies to Ukraine have been reduced to zero," Ukrainian Energy Minister Yuri Prodan said.
Russia's state-owned gas giant Gazprom said Ukraine had to pay upfront for its gas supplies, after Kiev failed to settle its huge debt.
Gazprom had sought from Kiev $1.95bn (£1.15bn) - out of $4.5bn it says it is owed - by 06:00 GMT.
The Russian firm said it would continue to supply gas to Europe.
Russia-Ukraine ties remain tense since Moscow annexed Crimea in February.
Kiev says Moscow backs separatists in the east of the country. Russia denies the charge.
EU Energy Commissioner Guenther Oettinger: "They insisted [on getting] the $1.9bn (£1.15bn) immediately"
In other developments:
- pro-Russian gunmen have seized the regional treasury in the eastern city of Donetsk, potentially disrupting payments of pensions and other social benefits
- Ukraine's National Bank building in the city has been captured by separatists, reports say
"Today, from 10:00 Moscow time, Gazprom, according to the existing contract, moved Naftogaz to prepayment for gas supplies," Gazprom said in a statement on Monday morning.
"From today, the Ukrainian company will receive Russian natural gas only in the amounts it has paid for."
Ukraine's energy minister Yuri Prodan had hoped to secure a new discounted gas rate from Gazprom
Moments later, both Gazprom and Ukraine's state-owned Naftogaz company filed lawsuits against each other in the Stockholm arbitration institute.
Gazprom said it wanted to recover $4.5bn from Naftogaz, which is dealing with gas supplies to Ukraine. Meanwhile, Naftogaz said it was seeking to recover $6bn in "overpayment" for gas since 2010.
Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said Ukraine's position on the issue "smacks of blackmail".
The latest moves follow crisis talks between Ukraine, Russia and the European Union on the issue.
"We reached no agreement. The chances that we meet again are slim," Gazprom spokesman Sergei Kuprianov said after the latest round of the talks ended in Kiev over the weekend.
However, EU Energy Commissioner Guenther Oettinger, who attended the talks, said he was "not pessimistic" about a deal.
He said he would continue to work for an agreement despite his compromise proposal, that Kiev pay $1bn on Monday and the rest in instalments, being rejected by Gazprom.
Mr Oettinger later added that Ukraine intended to fill its gas transit commitments to the EU and he was also confident that Russia would meet its gas supply pledges to Europe.
Ukraine's discounted rate for gas was axed in April after Moscow accused Kiev of failing to pays its bills.
On Monday, Gazprom stressed that it would continue to supply European consumers with gas at "full volume" and that it was Ukraine's responsibility to make sure the gas transited through the country.
However, correspondents say the EU could be affected.
About 15% of the EU's gas supply is Russian gas which is piped through Ukraine.
Earlier this month, Gazprom gave Ukraine more time to settle its gas bill after receiving a part-payment of $786m (£469m).
Ukraine said it refused to clear its debts completely in protest at Gazprom's recent 80% price increase.
Tensions were worsened by a violent protest outside the Russian embassy in Kiev at the weekend
Gazprom ended its discount price for Ukraine, which was negotiated by former President Viktor Yanukovych last December, in April.
Before the discount was cancelled, Ukraine's gas bill was heavily reduced by Russia to $268 per 1,000 cubic metres.
The price is now $485.50 per 1,000 cubic metres, the highest in Europe.
Almost 15% of gas used in Europe comes from Russia via Ukraine, which is why EU members are taking a particularly close interest in the stand-off, observers say.
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